UIUC Low Speed Airfoil Test Program: Bulletin # 2

UIUC Low Speed Airfoil Test Program
Bulletin #2

Airfoil Testing for Model Aircraft
Michael Selig, Jim Guglielmo, Andy Broeren, Philippe Giguere and Cameron Ninham
March 23, 1995

What's New

At last, success! And lots of it. During the first major test phase of the UIUC Low Speed Airfoils Tests, over 300 hours of wind tunnel test time was logged and over 80MB of data were taken. Airfoil performance data were gathered on over 30 airfoils for free flight models, R/C sailplanes, sport planes and more. Here's a snapshot of some of the results:

The new S1223 (was S1214) achieves over 30% more lift than the FX 63-137 - a result that spells opportunity for those competing in the SAE Aero Design (heavy lift) competition. Specifically, the airfoil maximum lift coefficient is above 2.2. A 1% chord Gurney flap and vortex generators increase this to at least 2.3.
The S7012 looks like it should be the next hot airfoil on the scene. It has been used on the Mark Allen VULCAN 2M and is reportedly getting good field reviews from the pilots.
Remember the Princeton wind tunnel test results on the SD8020 as compared with other symmetrical airfoils? Near zero lift, the SD8020 had a negligible deadband, which made it attractive for use on tail surfaces. Well, to our surprise there is a deadband near zero lift, although it is less than other comparable symmetrical airfoils. The implication is that the turbulence levels of the current wind tunnel are lower than the tunnel used at Princeton.
Besides taking performance measurements for use in design codes, detailed wake measurements were taken to document the peculiar airfoil wake behavior at low Reynolds numbers, in particular, the spanwise variation in the drag along the model span. These tests will be used to help determine the importance of the model leading edge accuracy. Expect the conclusions to be surprising.
The test capability has been expanded from the Reynolds number range of 60k - 300k to 40k - 500k. This means that we can better match the conditions for free flight models (on the low end) and F3B/power models (on the high end).
An additional capability is that we can test airfoils as thin as 4%. Before airfoil models had to be at least around 8% thick. For this capability, thanks go to Gil Morris of the National Free Flight Society (NFFS) for engineering a new 0.25 inch balance sleeve that is inserted into the model.
Four free flight airfoils were tested and the results have application not only to free flight models but R/C hand launch models as well.

All of this and more will be published in an upcoming volume of SoarTech Aero, which we are now in the process of writing. In a worst case scenario (see below regarding the coordinate measurement machine), we should have the page proofs ready within 2 months. When the book becomes available, it will be announced in the upcoming Bulletin No. 3 and you can send your request to:

SoarTech Aero Publications
H.A.(Herk) Stokely
1504 N. Horseshoe Circle
Virginia Beach, VA 23451
http://www.soartech-aero.com/

Photos of the Wind Tunnel

Appear here. These gifs are a little bit too dark, and we are trying to fix that...

A Follow-Up on Bulletin No. 1

In reference to the last bulletin:

We did upgrade from a 12-bit A/D converter (used in April 1994) to a 16-bit, which now provides ample resolution.
A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) has been found on campus, and we plan to digitize all the models tested. We feel that this is very important. It will be time consuming to learn the system and consequently it may delay having the results published in SoarTech Aero.
We have located some flyers to help us define the needs for power models.
Work related to the topic "Making the Best Use of Boundary Layer Trips" has yet to begin. Expect more on this topic later.

Airfoil Data on the Web

If you are on the Internet and have access to the World-Wide Web (WWW) through a browser like NCSA Mosaic or Netscape, then you can:

Keep abreast of the latest information on the wind tunnel tests
Download airfoil coordinates on over 80 airfoils.
Download airfoil performance data from the wind tunnel tests.
View photos of the wind tunnel setup

The address on the Web is:

http://www.uiuc.edu/ph/www/m-selig

Next Test Phase and New Airfoils

Currently, our plans are to be in the tunnel in August 1995. Some of the airfoils now being designed include: (3) thermal duration/F3J airfoils, (2) R/C hand launch airfoils, (2) power airfoils (sport and Quickee 500). Part of the focus of the next test series is to look at flap effects in detail on the SD7037 and RG15. The idea about using trips on airfoils as discussed in Bulletin No. 1 is still being explored. It still looks promising.

Low Speed Airfoil Aerodynamics

In the last bulletin, a list of 20 topics in low speed airfoils aerodynamics were posed as "things a knowledgeable modeler interested in airfoils ought to know something about." The obvious happened. We received requests to answer them! So we will. The list started with:

"What a bubble ramp is."

This discussion must first begin with an explanation of what a bubble is. Airfoils at low Reynolds numbers (short chords flying at model like speeds) do not behave like airfoils at higher Reynolds numbers such as those typical of general aviation aircraft. As adapted from SoarTech 8 (with a few edits):

The flow behavior over an airfoil at high Reynolds numbers -- greater than, say, 1-3 million -- is well known. The boundary layer is laminar from the leading edge to a point typically near mid-chord where it makes a transition to turbulent flow. This transition, as well as the flow behind it, is generally well behaved.
Unlike full-size airplanes, model sailplanes typically operate at chord Reynolds numbers between 50k and 500k, often called the low Reynolds number regime. At these low Reynolds numbers the flow is fundamentally different. The transition process is neither abrupt nor does it usually take place while the boundary layer is attached to the airfoil. Instead the laminar boundary layer separates, that is, it physically detaches from the airfoil surface. The flow then becomes unstable while separated, and makes a transition to turbulent flow in `mid-air.' Only then does the flow reattach to the airfoil. If the laminar separation point is sufficiently far aft or if the Reynolds number is very low, the flow sometimes entirely fails to return to the airfoil surface. In either case large energy losses are associated with this process. This laminar separation, transition to turbulence, and turbulent reattachment enclose a region of recirculation flow aptly called the `laminar separation bubble' or `bubble' for short.
Problems with the bubble are greatest on the upper surface where the flow is accelerated the most. Typically, the laminar separation bubble can extend over 10-30% of the airfoil upper surface. The bubble on the lower surface (if present at all) is much smaller under normal operating conditions. The presence of the bubble is the principal reason for the degradation in performance at low Reynolds numbers. Efforts towards drag reduction, therefore, largely concentrate on reducing the size and extent of the bubble.

The bubble can be reduced in size by destabilizing the laminar boundary layer to promote a transition as early as possible. One method of promoting transition is through the use of turbulators affixed to the upper surface of the airfoil before the laminar separation point. (If turbulators are immersed in the bubble downstream of the separation point they have little effect.) Another approach used to destabilize the laminar boundary is to employ a gradual upper surface pressure recovery so as to gradually slow the flow down from its highest value. This gradual pressure recovery which shortens the length of the bubble and thereby reduces the bubble drag is called the "bubble ramp."

One down, 19 to go. (They are not all this hard.)

A Word from Selig on the S9000 Airfoil Series

Several people have asked for coordinates (and performance data) for the S9037 airfoil used on the OPUS 750 standard class and the S9000 on the BLACKHAWK open class sailplanes. Both of these gliders and their airfoils were designed while I was still at Penn State -- after the Princeton wind tunnel tests and before the UIUC tests were even envisioned. The idea was, of course, to apply my experience in aero engineering to generate some income in case I found myself unemployed (like many of my fellow graduate students and colleagues at the time). Fortunately, I did not have to depend on that income. The upshot of all this is (1) the airfoils are proprietary to the current manufacturers, (2) I am not able to release them, (3) the airfoils will not be wind tunnel tested, and (4) your donations did not subsidize that work done at Penn State. People are now becoming aware of this work since the gliders are only recently being produced -- some 3-4 years after they were designed. But for those patient enough and should I decide to exercise a clause in the agreements, the airfoils can be released after 10 years from the date that the sailplanes were first made available. I will be very surprised if by that time someone else has not figured out how to clone the S9000 (BLACKHAWK) and S9037 (OPUS 750) airfoils.

Finally, all of the results generated in the UIUC wind tunnel studies will be publically available.

Publications: S1223 Airfoil and More

The high-lift S1223 (was S1214) airfoil was published as AIAA Paper 94-1866: M.S. Selig and J.J. Guglielmo, "High-Lift Low Reynolds Number Airfoil Design," presented at the AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference, Colorado Springs, CO, June 1994. Several of the SAE Aero Design Teams have requested information on this airfoil. For now, this paper is the source. Only predicted performance is included in the paper. To date no wind tunnel test data have been released. SAE Teams: Watch the Web for more data. We will announce the availability of the data under the What's New heading.

Also, the AIAA Paper 95-1783: J.J. Guglielmo and M.S. Selig, "Large Spanwise Drag Variations in Wake Profiles for Airfoils at Low Reynolds Numbers: Issues and Observations" will be presented at the Applied Aerodynamics Conference this summer.

E-Mail Mailing List Instead

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Your Snail Mail and E-Mail Received

No doubt about it, interest in the airfoil tests is pretty high. We have received at least 1000 letters and e-mail messages combined since the start of the program in December 1993. Now, on an average day there's a phone call or two related to the airfoil tests and we receive between 3-6 pieces of mail. These numbers go up when hot airfoils appear in Popular Science (see February issue, p. 18) or when the model magazines publicize the tests. We appreciate the attention, and we definitely appreciate your comments, donations, and other forms of support. Unfortunately, it's almost impossible to respond to everything, so please don't be offended if we are slow to respond (if at all) or if we merely send a perfunctory thank-you note. Rest assured, the airfoil tests go on -- that's the prime directive.

Points of Contact

You can write, e-mail (preferred), fax or call any one of us. Use the fax number and address later listed for Jim Guglielmo. To help you decide who to write to, you might want to consider our profiles:

Michael Selig, Ph.D.: Assistant Professor of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering. 7 graduate students (gasp). Airfoil designer. UIUC LSAT project initiator. Flys R/C sailplane (since 1976) -- mostly in competition more recently. Research interests include: airfoil design and wind tunnel testing, wind energy, wind turbine rotor aerodynamics, flight simulation, and unmanned aerial vehicles.
Jim Guglielmo: Graduate student (M.S.) in Aero/Astro Engineering. Scheduled to graduate in May 1995. Co-founder and coordinator of the project. Interested in aerodynamics, flight mechanics, and aircraft conceptual/advanced design. Currently looking for a job. jjgug@uiuc.edu
Andy Broeren: Graduate student (M.S.) in Mechanical Engineering. Participates in the SAE Aero Design competition. Interested in high-lift low Reynolds number airfoils, high-lift devices (flaps, slats, etc.) and unsteady aerodynamics. broeren@uiuc.edu
Philippe Giguere: Graduate student (Ph.D.) in Aero/Astro Engineering. He arrived on campus from Quebec, Canada in August 1994. Interested especially in (1) wind energy -- wind turbine performance and field testing, (2) wind tunnel boundary corrections and (3) airfoil performance enhancement through the use of simple devices such as the Gurney flap. Participated for 4 years in the SAE Aero Design competition. giguere@uiuc.edu
Cameron Ninham: Graduate student (M.S.) in Aero/Astro Engineering. New UIUC LSAT recruit from South Africa. In August 1995 will take over Jim Guglielmo's present role in the project. Flys R/C sailplanes. Interested in flight simulation. ninham@uiuc.edu

Your Letters Received

We like your mail. Besides a lot of juicy technical stuff, we get some praise and here's a sample:

I received the T-shirt today. Thanks so much!
I Love the airfoil data on the net. I jumped on today and downloaded the graphs from the S7012 and RG15 wind tunnel tests. What a way to publish data! ...
Kevin McKiou Naperville, Illinois

Thanks ...

Special thanks to Mr. and Mrs. Hermann Andresen, who provided food, lodging, and hospitality in their home for Jim and Phil during a recent visit to California. The purpose of the trip was to meet with Hermann Andresen and design new lift and pitching moment balances for the wind tunnel. Thanks to Mr. Andresen's expertise, Mrs. Andresen's excellent cooking, and some wonderful weather, the trip was both a success and very enjoyable. As a result, both the lift and pitching moment balances will be built and installed for the next test phase in August.

We would also like to thank Roger Morell and Norm Furutani, who helped organize a talk on the UIUC Low-Speed Airfoil Tests. The talk was sponsored by the Southern California Aero Team, and members of SULA were also present. Overall, we received some excellent feedback concerning the testing program and were extremely happy with the turnout. Thanks to everyone who came.

Builders

To all old and new builders, please take a few minutes to fill out the enclosed "Model Builder Information Form." The purpose of this form is to provide us with a complete record on each builder involved with the testing program.

Comments/Suggestions

If anyone has any comments or suggestions, please fill out the enclosed "General Information Form."

What's Old, But Still Important

Airfoil Coordinates for S1210, S1223, S4083, and S7012

Until the new airfoils are published through SoarTech Aero, the airfoil coordinates and a brief description of the performance characteristics for these designs can be obtained from the Web site or by sending a self-addressed stamped envelope with your request to:

Prof. Michael Selig
Dept. of Aeronautical and Astronautical Eng.
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
306 Talbot Laboratory, 104 S. Wright St.
Urbana, IL 61801-2935.

WWW: http://www.uiuc.edu/ph/www/m-selig

Support the Test Program: Make a Donation for a T-Shirt

Cody Robertson of Flagstaff, AZ has designed a T-shirt exclusively for the UIUC Low Speed Airfoil Test Program. You can receive this white short-sleeve shirt for a suggested donation of $18 ($15 for the shirt and $3 for mailing in US, Canada, and Mexico or $7 in other countries) to help support the project by sending your check payable to "University of Illinois, AAE Dept." Please write on the check "Selig -- Wind Tunnel Testing/AAE Unrestricted Funds." The shirts are Hanes Beefy-T brand and 100% cotton. Shirts can be obtained from the graduate student coordinator:

James J. Guglielmo, Coordinator
c/o Prof. Michael Selig
Dept. of Aeronautical and Astronautical Eng.
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
306 Talbot Laboratory, 104 S. Wright St.
Urbana, IL 61801-2935
voice: (217) 244-0684
fax: (217) 244-0720
e-mail: jjgug@uxh.cso.uiuc.edu

Offer to Build a Wind Tunnel Model

If you have an interest in building a wind tunnel model, please contact Jim Guglielmo. Please give us some idea of your interests (sailplanes, power, helicopters, etc.), and your method of construction (foam core or built-up and full sheeted), your building skills -- we dream about the perfect airfoil model, but don't expect to ever see one.

The wind tunnel models should be 33 5/8 inch in span with a 12 inch chord and can either be built-up or foam core. To insure a uniform contour, the built-up models need to be fully sheeted. For the foam core models, we may be able to supply two 12 inch chord wing templates. The surface finish can either be fiberglass or monokote; however, we are interested in the effects of surface finish and will consider testing models with non-smooth surfaces. The models are attached to the wind tunnel balance by standard model wing rods. K&S tubing is installed in the model to adapt to the wing rods. Details of the mounting system and airfoil model dimensions are presented in Figure 1. Standard model construction techniques should provide the necessary strength (supporting 15-20 lb of lift when pinned at both ends). The K\&S brass tubing and collars for the models are supplied along with full-scale plots.

The airfoils are tested in the UIUC open-circuit 3 x 4 ft subsonic wind tunnel (see Figure 2). The turbulence intensity level is minimal and more than sufficient to ensure good flow integrity at low Reynolds numbers. The experimental apparatus used at Princeton has been modified for the UIUC tests. Lift and drag measurements for each airfoil are taken at Reynolds numbers of 60k, 100k, 200k and 300k; however, sometimes data is taken down to 40k and up to 500k.

What is SoarTech 8?

Airfoils at Low Speeds by M.S. Selig, J.F. Donovan and D.B. Fraser -- a book with results on over 60 airfoil models tested over the Reynolds number range 60k-300k at Princeton University. It has become a popular source of airfoil data for R/C sailplanes. It's almost 400 pages and a bargain at $20 in the US ($22 in Canada and Mexico, $25 / $35 in US dollars for Surface/Airmail in other countries). Click here for more information. The book is only available direct from:

SoarTech Aero Publications
H.A.(Herk) Stokely
1504 N. Horseshoe Circle
Virginia Beach, VA 23451
http://www.soartech-aero.com/

When ordering, please provide a check or money order in US Dollars which can be paid at a US bank. US cash is also accepted. Residents of Virginia should add the state 4-1/2 percent sales tax to the above rates. Sorry no credit card or COD orders at this time.

Get on the Mailing List

To receive the next bulletin, send a self-addressed stamped envelope to Michael Selig at the address listed previously. If you have made a donation, you are automatically placed on the mailing list.

Your Help

The airfoil testing (and the book that is now in the works) would not exist without your financial support. If you like what we are doing, your contributions are welcome. Here is a sampling of what some people have done to support the airfoil testing.

Robert Webster of Websoft, Inc., (918) 825-2220, markets Wingmaster -- PC software for laying out wing plans. In April 1994, he wrote that he would donate $10 per copy of Wingmaster sold in June and July. Sales must have been good since we recently received a large donation from Mr.Webster. See Websoft ad in Model Airplane News, January 1995, p. 142.
Bob Matheson of Cloud-9, (619) 754-2657, is starting to manufacture his new VELVET 60 in Sport Racer. He has offered to donate a percentage of sales on the kit to the wind tunnel tests.
The Portland Area Sailplane Society (PASS) recently sponsored a benefit/fun fly in support of the airfoil test program. They made a donation of $140, which included some orders for t-shirts.
Malvern Soaring Association, U.K. (thanks to the efforts of Nick Neve) will be making a donation in exchange for a plywood wing-rib which they are supplying to Selig for his autograph. (MSS: Sounds simple enough.) The rib will then be sealed and made into a contest trophy.
Don Edberg has been helping to distribute the UIUC LSAT t-shirt designed by Cody Robertson. If you see him on the contest circuit be sure to ask for a t-shirt if you do not already have one, and give him your name so that we put you on the mailing list and record you as making a donation. Dr. Alan Schwerin also distributed the t-shirts at some contests in the south.
Northeast Sailplane Products (Sal DeFrancesco) made a large donation to the wind tunnel tests and is also a distributing t-shirts for the program.
Slegers International (Ed Slegers) also made a large donation to the wind tunnel tests.
Several people have requested the club presentation on the test program. Those that have received the presentation are listed later.

Thanks everyone!

How to Wire Us Money

If you would like to wire money directly to the University of Illinois in support of the wind tunnel testing, you will need the following:

Bank: Bank One N.A.
Address: One Bank One Plaza, Chicago, IL 60670
SWIFT Code: FNBCUS44
ABA Number: 0710 000 13
University Account Number: 11-12201
Account Title: Univ of Illinois Operating Account
Reference: "Selig -- Wind Tunnel Testing, 1-6-41784"

Banking info updated 8-4-00

In order for the university accounting department to identify where the funds should be deposited once it has arrived, please reference "Selig -- Wind Tunnel Testing, 1-6-41784." Also, send a fax to Michael Selig indicating your support. If you need further information, please feel free to contact the Aero/Astro business office (Ms. Lori Ballinger ) at (217) 244-7139.

Any portion of this bulletin can be reproduced.

List of Contributors

(as of March 1, 1995: % -- percent of total support received)

Organizations (16%): Academy of Model Aeronautics, ISF-Intl. R/C Soaring Forum, National Assoc. of Rocketry, and the National Free Flight Society.
Businesses (23%): B^2 Streamlines (Bill & Bunny Kuhlman), Dan Parsons Products (Dan Parson), F3F Newsletter (Preben Norholm), Gulf R/C (John Rimmer), Landing Products (Fred Burgdorf), Northeast Sailplane Products (Carolyn & Sal DeFranceso), R/C Soaring Digest (Jerry & Judy Slates), Slegers International, Inc. (Ed Slegers), SoarTech Aero Publications (H.A. Stokely), and Websoft, Inc. (Robert Webester).
Model Clubs (11%): B.A.R.C.S., Champaign County Radio Control Club, Fairlop Silent Flyers (England) , Florida Soaring Society, FMSG Alling/Obb. (Germany), Greek Aeromodelling Federation (Greece), Lincoln Area Soaring Society, Miniature Aircraft Association of Westchester County (England), North American Scale Soaring Association, Northeast Drone Society, Paducah Aero Modelers, Pasadena Soaring Society, Pennisula Channel Commanders, Portland Area Sailplane Society, Round Valley Radio Control Club, S.E.F.L.I., S.O.A.R., S.W.I.F.T., San Gabriel Valley Radio Control League, Santa Clarita Soaring Assoc., Sheffield Society of Aeromodellers (England), Sundancers RC Model Club, Tidewater Model Soaring Society, Tri County Aero Club, Tri-Cities Radio Control Modelers Club, and Victorian Association of Radio Model Soaring (Australia).
Individuals (40%): Richard Adams, Arnold Angelici, M.D., Thomas Anthony*, Garry Armstrong*, Thomas Atwood, Gary S. Baldwin, Charles Baltzer, Charlene Olsen & Mark Barbee*, Matt Barbian*, Richard Bartkowski, Plenny J. Bates, M.D., David Batey, Jr., H.W. Bender, Blaine Beron-Rawdon, Byron Blakeslee, Bill Bogart*, Charles Botzko, Chris Bovais, Arthur J. Boysen*, Ronald Bozzonetti, Phillip Burnside, Wil Byers*, Henry Cain, Kenny Carpenter*, Edward Carter, Edward Carter, W.B. Cavanaugh, Paul Clark, Don Coburn, Joseph Conrad, Michael J. Cresanta, Michael D. Denton*, Alfred J. DeRenzis*, Armand DeWeese, Dan J. Dobbins, John Donelson, John Drab*, Doug Drullenger*, Hilmar Durden*, Frits Donker Duyvis*, Robert Dyer, Don Edberg, Stefan Eder*, R.J. Edmonds, Nanette & William Entriken, Lars Ericsson*, George L. Fiocca *, Bill Forrey, Norman D. Frank, William S. Friedlander*, Roland Friestad, Myron & Felissa Gagan, David Garwood, Robert C. Glover, II, Greg Goldstein, Ed Granger, Martin Gregorie*, Thomas Gressman*, Charles Griswold, Brian R. Gyles, James Halbert, David L. Hall *, George Harper*, Richard Hognes*, Chuck Hollinger, C.D. Houge, III*, Nelson Itterly, Vince Johnkoski*, Darrell Johnson*, Chris Kaiser*, John Kallend *, Michael Lachowski, Benjamin Lawless, Donald Leath, A.G. Lennon, Dr. Robert Livin*, Robert Lockwood, Jr.*, Chuck Lohre, Marco Lorenzomi, Keith C. Love*, Eugene F. Lovejoy, Gene Lovejoy*, Warren Lucas*, Steve Lucke, Bob Mabli*, G.M. Magarian, Burt Marx, Robert Matheson*, Eric Meyers, Kevin McKiou *, Owen Morris, Gilbert Morris*, Jeff Morris*, Allen Morse, Tim Mountain, John D. Newell, M.D., Robert Nielsen, Alan Oliver, Bob Peirson*, Paul Penna*, D.N. Penton, John Perry*, James I. Pilkington, Dr. John Ponsford, Ralph Prey, Horst Rabiger, David Register, Francis Reynolds, Jerry Robertson, H.J. Rogers*, Dr. Stan Sadorf, David Schenken, Allan Scidmore, Marty Selig, Michael S. Selig, Glenn Sembroski*, Robert L. Simon, Charles Smith*, John W. Smith*, Howard F. Sosbee, Glen Spackman*, David Steere, Peter Steinmeyer, Helmut Stettmaier, Tim Stover*, R.T. Sunderland, Jim Tangler, Jose M. Tellez, Willard L. Teommey, Deadre Anne Thompson, D'Anne Thompson*, G.J. Tonnelli, Jorgen Tonnesen, Craig Uridil, Rick Waitulionis, Sean Walbank*, Jess Walls*, Garth Warner, Ralph M. Weaver*, I. Jay Welch, W. D. Williams*, Oliver Wilson, Oliver C. Wilson*, Vern Winston, Joe Wurts, Scott Youmans*, and Frank Zaic.
"*" denotes T-Shirt Patron as well.
T-Shirt Patrons (10%): Anonymous, David Acker, Les Akers, Helene Anderson, Peter Averill, Kendra Baier, Robert Barrows, Douglas Barry, Mari K. Bebeau, Dan Bernauer, Carl Bice, Ben Bierman, Woody Blanchard, William Boisvert, Doug Boyd, Delmar Brengman, Andy P. Broeren, Joyce C. Broeren, Richard Broeren, Sue Broeren, Gary Brokaw, Lois Budill, Chip Bullen, Richard Bums, Roy Bunnell, John Burke, George Burns, Wil Byers, Myron R. Cagan, Jim Carlton, Bob Champine, Juan Chi, Dale D. Christensen, Michael Christiansen, Dave Corven, Bruce Cronkhite, Brenden Cyze, David Darling, David Diesen, Ray DiNoble, Brian Dirman, Peter Dudley, F.G. Durand, David H. Fletcher, Williams Frank , Joel S. Freeman, R. Marc Gellart, Browne Goodwin, Chris Gregg, W. Grundler, Jim Guglielmo, Don Harris, Pat Hart, Roger Hebner, Bob Herman , Gary Hyde , Gordon Jennings, Kelly Johnson, Gordon Jones, Douglas Joyce, Stephen J. Kaye, Barry Kennedy, Bruce Kimball, Ron Konicke, Bill Kubiak, Bill & Bunny Kuhlman, Barry Kurath, Michael Lachowski, Rick Lacy, Dwayne Lane, Stephen Lee, Sam Lee, Brian Levy, Carl Luft, Bill Malvey, Skip Miller, William Miller, Luther MItchell, Myles Moran, Bob Morford, Roger Morrell, Chris Munson, Mark Nankivil, Nick Neve, John Newell, M.D., Cameron Ninham, Jerome B. O'Mara, Harold Ochs, Ray Olsen, Steve Pasierb, Don Pesznecker, Pete Peterson, Daryl Pfaff, William L. Potter, Mike Prager, Todd Presley, John Raley, Michael D. Reed, Gary Rexroad, Waid Reynolds, David Rice, John Fulton & Renee Robles, John Schmoll, John Schultz, Dr. Alan Schwerin, David Sieger, Jerry Slates, Ed Slegers, Frank Smith, Andy Smith, Karl Sorensen, Bob Steele, Robert Stewart, Larry Storie, Mike Stump Family, Joe Stute, Rick Sunderland, Stephen Syrotiak, Manny Tau, Jose Tellez, Jim Thomas, Keith Thomson , Gene Trevino, Paul Trist, Jr., Aaron Valdes, Gregory Vasgerosian, John Vennerholm, Jess Walls, Roy W. Wampler, Charlie Waugh, Dennis Weatherly, B.J. Weisman, Dr. John B. West, Michael Wilson, David Wood, Wayne Yamamoto, John Yee, Gerald Zeigenfuse, and Michael Ziaskas.
Wind Tunnel Model Builders: Roger Adams (DU 86-084/18), Mark Allen (FX 63-137, M06-131-28, S822, S823, S1210), Bill Boisvert (S4083), Chris Bovais (RF-1165FB, S1091, LA 2573A), Ronald Bozzonetti (NACA 2414), Wil Byers (Quabeck 3.0/10 & 3.0/15), Bob Champine (RG15, flapped RG15), Erik Dahl Christensen (HQW 2/8, MH30), Ralph Cooney (A18, MA409, BE50), Charles Fox (MH45), Mike Fox (WASP), William Friedlander (R140), Scott Gregory (S7014), John Hammond (SD7037), Chuck Hollinger (CH10-48-13, FX74-CL15-140), Karl Hutchings (S4083), Bernd Jager (flapped SD7037), Gordon Jones (S7055), Leon Kincaid (K3311), Mike Lachowski (S7012), Bob Matheson (S6062), Harley Michaelis (SD7032), Gilbert Morris (flapped GM15), Cody Robertson (own design), Charles Smith (John Harem design), Howard Sosbee (S7055), Leo T. Spychalla (M6), D'Anne Thompson (SD7037), Yvan Tinel (S1223), Jorgen Tonneson (MH32), Oliver Wilson (S5010).
Wind Tunnel Model Builders (offers): G.R. Adams, Roger Adams, Robert Alexander, Mark Allen, Chris Anderson, Mark Andrews, Arnold Angelici, Robert Arrington, D.J. Asher, Steve Baca, Douglas Barry, Byron Blakeslee, William Boisvert, Chris Bovais, Delmar Brengman, Alan Brocklehurst, Mark B. Bundick, Leonard Burz, Wil Byers, Erik Dahl Christensen, Paul Clark, Ralph Cooney, Michael J. Cresanta, Bill Devany, Armand J. DeWeese, Mark R. Dickey, John Donelson, John Drab, R.J. Edmonds, Tony Elliott, Gilbert Gauger, Chris Gibbs, Rob Glover, Walt Good, Chris Greaves, Martin C. Gregorie, Scott Gregory, David L. Hall, James Hammond, Heinz Hansen, Robert Hardy, Mantz Harold, Daniel Hatfield, John Hazel, Talbot G. Hinze, Richard Hoke, Edward Holt, Dale C.House, Karl Hutchings, Doug Imes, Bernd Jager, Willard E. Johnson, E.R. Jones, Keith Kindrick, Lynn King, Eric Leclercq, Louis Legrand, Mark Levoe, Barrie Lever, Harold Mantz (contact), Alan Mayhew, Harley Michaelis, Mark Mills, Keone Miranda, Richard Moran, Roger Morrell, Gilber Morris, Allan Morse, Kenneth Nawyn, Bill Netzeband, Dermot O'Flynn, Donald O'Neal, Bob Patton, J.T. Procknow, Jef Raskin, Daniel Reber, Mike Reed, John Rimmer, Cody Robertson, Jonas Romblad, David Schenken, Aram Schlosberg, Allan Scidmore, Darrin Shull, Jerry Slates, Charles Smith, Leo T. Spychalla, Pete Steinmeyer, Bob Sterne, Ian Stewart, Eric Stewart, Tim Stover, D'Anne Thompson, Jim Thomas, Jorgen Tonnesen, Hank Vendiola, Antonio Pena Vela, Jean-Claude Vinel, Ron Weaber, Mark Wilkerson.
Those Who Have Offered To Help in Some Other Way: Hermann Andresen, Robert Alexander, Bruce Baker, Serge Barth, Leornard Burz, Erik Dahl Christiansen, Peter Compton, Bill Friedlander, Greg Goldstein, Paul Grassel, Dale House, John Kallend, Morimoto Mark, Alan Mayhew, Mike McMahon, James Neal, Nick Neve, Mike O'Donnell, Paul Penna, John Raley, David Register, Gary Rexroad, John Rimmer, Jorgen Skogh, Charles Smith, Paul Trist, Jr., John West, and Scott Winans!

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